<div dir="ltr"><a href="http://www.sciencecodex.com/bad_vibrations_uci_researchers_find_security_breach_in_3d_printing_process-176978">http://www.sciencecodex.com/bad_vibrations_uci_researchers_find_security_breach_in_3d_printing_process-176978</a><br clear="all"><div><div class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,255)"></span><br>With findings that could have been taken from the pages of a spy
novel, researchers at the University of California, Irvine have
demonstrated that they can purloin intellectual property by recording
and processing sounds emitted by a 3-D printer.
<p>The team, led by Mohammad Al Faruque, director of UCI's Advanced
Integrated Cyber-Physical Systems Lab, showed that a device as ordinary
and ubiquitous as a smartphone can be placed next to a machine and
capture acoustic signals that carry information about the precise
movements of the printer's nozzle. The recording can then be used to
reverse engineer the object being printed and re-create it elsewhere.
Detailed processes may be deciphered through this new kind of
cyberattack, presenting significant security risks.</p>
<p>"In many manufacturing plants, people who work on a shift basis don't
get monitored for their smartphones, for example," Al Faruque said. "If
process and product information is stolen during the prototyping
phases, companies stand to incur large financial losses. There's no way
to protect these systems from such an attack today, but possibly there
will be in the future."</p>
<p>Al Faruque's team achieved nearly 90 percent accuracy using the sound
copying process to duplicate a key-shaped object in the lab. They will
present their results at April's International Conference on
Cyber-Physical Systems in Vienna.</p>
<p>State-of-the-art 3-D printing systems convert digital information
embedded in source code to build layer upon layer of material until a
solid object takes shape. That source file, referred to as G-code, can
be protected from cyberthievery with strong encryption, but once the
creation process has begun, the printer emits sounds that can give up
the secrets buried in the software.</p>
<p>"My group basically stumbled upon this finding last summer as we were
doing work to try to understand the relationship between information
and energy flows," said Al Faruque, an electrical engineer and computer
scientist. "According to the fundamental laws of physics, energy is not
consumed; it's converted from one form to another - electromagnetic to
kinetic, for example. Some forms of energy are translated in meaningful
and useful ways; others become emissions, which may unintentionally
disclose secret information."</p>
<p>The emissions produced by 3-D printers are acoustic signals that
contain a lot of information, he said, adding: "Initially, we weren't
interested in the security angle, but we realized we were onto
something, and we're seeing interest from other departments at UCI and
from various U.S. government agencies."</p>
<p>"President Obama has spoken about returning manufacturing to the
United States, and I think 3-D printing will play a major role because
of the creation of highly intellectual objects, in many cases in our
homes," Al Faruque said. But he cautioned that with the convenience of
these new technologies come opportunities for industrial espionage.</p>
<p>He suggested that engineers begin to think about ways to jam the
acoustic signals emanating from 3-D printers, possibly via a white-noise
device to introduce intentional acoustic randomness or by deploying
algorithmic solutions. At a minimum, Al Faruque said, a fundamental
precaution would be to prevent people from carrying smartphones near the
rapid prototyping areas when sensitive objects are being printed.
Today's smartphones, he noted, have sensors that can capture a range of
analog emissions.</p><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</div>