<div dir="ltr"><a href="http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/three-states-join-others-to-expand-41483/">http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/three-states-join-others-to-expand-41483/</a><br><br>A key issue in determining whether notification is required following a
data breach is whether “personal information” (PI) was acquired by an
unauthorized person. US states vary significantly in defining what
information qualifies as PI.<a href="https://www.morganlewis.com/pubs/three-states-join-others-to-expand-personal-information-definition#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">[1]</a>
As part of a recent trend, some data breach notification statutes have
been expanding the definition of PI, including by adding usernames and
email addresses.
<h3>
Trend to Add Usernames or Email Addresses</h3>
<p>
Illinois, Nebraska, and Nevada are the latest to add usernames or
email addresses to the definition of PI when they are combined with
information that would permit access to an online account.<a href="https://www.morganlewis.com/pubs/three-states-join-others-to-expand-personal-information-definition#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">[2]</a> The Illinois law took effect on January 1, 2017, while the respective laws in Nebraska and Nevada took effect in 2016.</p>
<p>
Three other states (California, Florida, and Wyoming) had previously
enacted laws mandating that either a username or email address
constitutes PI when combined with a password or security question and
answer that would permit access to an online account.<a name="_ftnref3">[3]</a>
California first expanded the definition of PI to include usernames and
email addresses in January 2014. Florida was next in July 2014, and
Wyoming followed in July 2015. In most of these jurisdictions, the
username or email address combined with the password or security
question and answer provides an independent basis to establish PI—even
if no first or last name (or other personally identifiable information)
is disclosed.</p>
<p>
Given the trend to broaden the scope of PI, private and government
entities that collect usernames, email addresses, passwords, and
security questions and answers should take steps to protect this
information.</p>
<h3>
Other Diverging Standards</h3>
<p>
Private and government entities should also be aware that different
jurisdictions apply varying standards to the collection of such
information. For example, the Nevada, Rhode Island, and Wyoming
definitions are narrower in that they require at least a last name and
first initial to be disclosed in order for user data to qualify as PI,
just as it is for social security numbers, driver’s license numbers, and
most other forms of PI. In other words, while releasing an unencrypted
username and password would be considered to be PI in California,
Florida, Illinois, and Nebraska even if the last name (and at least a
first initial) of the individual associated with the username was not
released, it would <span>not</span> qualify as PI in Nevada, Rhode Island, or Wyoming without that additional information.</p>
<p>
Nevada’s and Rhode Island’s PI definitions are broader in other
respects in terms of what constitutes user data. For example, Nevada and
Rhode Island consider a username, email address, or a “unique
identifier” to be PI when combined with a password, security question
and answer, or an “access code” that would permit access to an online
account.<a href="https://www.morganlewis.com/pubs/three-states-join-others-to-expand-personal-information-definition#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4">[4]</a>
The other states only list usernames and/or email addresses. The
legislative history does not indicate what is considered to be a “unique
identifier,” nor are any examples provided. Because this term is added
to the “email address” and “username” list, it appears that the states
consider this addition to be something more.</p>
<p>
Nevada and Rhode Island also added “access code” as data that the
username, email address, or unique identifier may be paired with to
qualify as PI.<a href="https://www.morganlewis.com/pubs/three-states-join-others-to-expand-personal-information-definition#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5">[5]</a>
As with the terms “unique identifier,” the legislative history does not
indicate what is considered to be an “access code,” nor are any
examples provided, but we believe that the states must consider it to be
something beyond a password.</p>
<p>
These and other distinctions highlight how common data elements are
treated differently among the data breach notification jurisdictions.
Consequently, depending on the circumstances, data breach notification
may be required in some jurisdictions but not others.</p>
<p>
Based on the many variations under the state data breach laws, some
have called for enactment of a uniform federal standard concerning data
breach notification requirements.<a href="https://www.morganlewis.com/pubs/three-states-join-others-to-expand-personal-information-definition#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6">[6]</a>
Until uniform or common standards are adopted, private and government
entities collecting PI will need to wade through the state-by-state
standards to determine whether data breach notification is mandated
under the given circumstances.</p>
<h3>
International Perspective</h3>
<p>
Under European and many other international data privacy laws, PI
includes any information that identifies an individual or from which an
individual can be identified when aggregated with other information.
This will include usernames and email addresses where the individual’s
actual name is included within the username or email address. Under the
forthcoming General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which comes into
force in May 2018, if a US organization targets European consumers for
goods or services, it will be subject to the GDPR when it processes the
PI of such European consumers—whether or not the organization is based
in the European Union. The requirements under the GDPR include providing
information to the individuals about how their PI will be used,
disclosed, and transferred, as well as requirements to obtain consent
for the processing and transfer of such data to the US (unless an
exemption to obtain consent applies). There is also a requirement to
notify the relevant data protection authority of a data breach involving
PI within 72 hours (unless there is unlikely to be a risk to the
individuals’ rights).</p>
<p>
Organizations with European businesses, therefore, should note that
they may be subject to the GDPR when obtaining and using PI of European
consumers, even if the US state laws do not place similar requirements
on the organization processing US consumers’ PI. The potential fines for
breaching the GDPR can amount to the higher of €20 million or 4% of
global annual turnover.</p><br></div>